AHO WORKS STUDIES 2011-2012
Institute of Architecture
Projects
TeMPorAry SeTTLeMeNTS
eivind Danielsen
Small-scale Experimental Buildings
MASTer STuDIo | oNe SeMeSTer
After studying global risk zones and the character of refugee camps, Eivind Danielsen designed
a system for emergency housing modules. The solution is based on old Norwegian wood-
construction principles. It is suitable for both short- and long-term accommodation of refu-
gees. The project received the AHO works award for excellence in the use of wood.
Foodstoragewarehouse
Food isusually stored inone large tent that servesasa
warehouse.Warehouses shouldbe locatednearadminis-
trativeof�ices for reasonsof security,and likelynear the
entranceof thecamp so supply trucksdon'thave to
drive throughpopulatedareas.
FoodDistributionPoint
Fooddistributioncanbedoneatone locationorbroken
upamong several.Refugeesdon'tpickup foodeveryday.
Instead, theyaregiven rations to last foraweekoreven
as longasamonth.Thecamp isdivided so food is
handedout todifferentpeopleondifferentdays, toavoid
long line-upsandchaos.
WaterPoint
There shouldbeat leastoneplace togetwater forevery
200 to250 refugees.Shelters shouldbenomore than
100metres fromawaterpoint.Theminimumamountof
water required inanemergency situation isat leastone
gallonofwaterperpersonperday.This shouldbe
increased to �ive to sixgallonsperpersonas soonas
possible sopeoplehaveenoughwater forcooking,
personalhygiene,andwashingdishesandclothing.
Anatomyofarefugeecamp
VehicleEntrance
Thecamp shouldbeaccessibleby roadyear round.
Within thecamp itself, roadsmustprovideaccess to
main facilities so suppliescanbedelivered tohealth
centres, food storagewarehouses,etc.There shouldalso
be roadsconnecting tocommunal latrines toallow for
maintenance.Thereareusuallynot roadsbetween
shelters,but therearewalkingpaths.
Gates&Security
Ingeneral, security is the responsibilityof thehost
government,whichguardscampsusing itsmilitaryor
localpolice. Inmanycamps, theyworkalongwith the
refugees tohave some sortof self-policingmechanism.
Security isespeciallyaproblem incamps thatarenot
closed inbya fence.Because refugeesdon'thavea lotof
possessions, security isusuallyaquestionofensuring
personal safety topreventcrimesagainstpeople, suchas
the rapeofwomen.Aidagenciesalso try tomaintain
campsascivilian institutions.
ReceptionCentre
Whennew refugeesarriveat thecamp, theycan restand
getoutof the sunat the receptioncentrewhilewaiting
tobe registered.Registration isabigprioritybecause
keeping trackofwho is in thecamp (howmanymen,
women,childrenunderage �ive,pregnantwomen,etc.)
is theonlywayaidworkerscanassess theneedsof the
population.
Shelters
Shelters for refugeesareusuallymadeof localmaterials,
suchaswood,metal sheets,branchesandplastic
sheeting.Whenpossible, refugeesconstruct theirown
shelterswith toolsandotherassistanceprovided.The
minimum shelter space recommended is3.5 square
metresperperson inwarmclimateswherecooking is
doneoutside,or4.5 to5.5 squaremetres. Incold
climateswhere indoorkitchenandbathing facilitiesare
needed. Inemergencieshowever, largegroupsofpeople
areoftencrammed intomuch smaller spaces.The
minimumdistancebetween shelters shouldbe two
metres.
FeedingCentre
Becausehumanmilk is thebestand safest sourceof food
forchildrenunder twoyearsold,breast-feeding is
encouraged. If infantsare fedwith formula,milkprod-
uctsand/orbottles, theyare fedat feedingcentres to
ensureutensilsare sterilized,water iscleanand formula
isusedproperly.Motherswhoarebreast-feedingmay
also receiveadditional foodat the feedingcentres.There
isusuallyone feedingcentreper20,000people.
School
AidagencySave theChildrenbelieveseducation services
shouldbemaintainedduringemergencies. "It'svery
important forchildren tohavea senseofnormalcy," says
NadineGrant,directorofprograms forSave theChildren
inCanada. "Bymaintaining some sortof schooling,
howeverbasicorminimal it is, itactuallyhelpskeepa
senseofnormalcy in thechild's life,and ithelps in their
recoveryand ithelps tominimize issuesof trauma.So
weoftenpush foreducationasa �irst response in
emergencies."There shouldbeone schoolper sectorof
thecamp (about5,000people).
Market
If thehostcountryallowspeople toenterand leave the
campas theyplease,acampmayhaveamarket. In the
caseofaclosedcamp, thegovernmentmay stillallowa
marketdaywhenmerchantsareallowed in to sell their
goods. Ingeneral, there isonemarket inacamp that
servesabout20,000people.
MeetingPlace
Meetingplacesarewhere leadersamong the refugees
gather todiscuss issuesaffecting thecamp.Thisusually
consistsofa tentor structurewitha roof sopeoplecan
getoutof the sun.Leadersareelectedby the refugees to
representdifferent sectionsof thecamp.
MainHealthCentre
Aidagenciesprovideprimaryhealthcare,which is
co-ordinatedatamainorcentralhealthcentre. In some
cases, thehealthcareprovided in thecamp isbetter than
what the local residents receive, inwhichcase thehealth
servicesareopened tonon-refugees.
HealthPost
Besides themainhealthcentre, smallerhealthpostsare
setup throughout thecamp.Each serves3,000 to5,000
refugees.Nursesprovide treatment for things suchas
sore throats, fevers,cutsand scrapes.Seriouscasesare
referred to themainhealthcentre.
Cemetery
Health facilitieskeep trackofdeath ratesandcausesof
death,according to theUNHCR.Theyalsomonitor sites
beingusedascemetaries tokeep trackofhowmany
peoplearedying.
CholeraCamp
Cholera isadiseasepeoplecangetbydrinkingcontami-
natedwateroreatingcontaminated food. Itcauses
diarrhea, severevomitingandmusclecramps.Without
quick treatment,about50percentofpeoplewhoget
cholerawilldieofdehydration.Choleraposes sucha
signi�icant risk to refugees that it is recommended thata
space foracholeracamp is setaside inadvanceofan
outbreak. It shouldbe separated fromotherhealth
facilities tohelpcontain thedisease.
Latrines
Ideally there shouldbeone latrineper family. Ifpublic
latrinesareused, there shouldbeat leastone forevery
20people.Latrines shouldmeet the followingcriteria,
contain thewastematter inoneplace,don'tpollute the
water,accessible tousers,don'tattract insects,providea
minimumdegreeofprivacy,adapted to serve local
habits.
Local/Regional
transportation
Load:8,8 -9,5 tonn
Interiordimensions:
L:7,20W:2,43H:2,60
Regional transportation
20
ft.
container,Load:24 -26 tonn
Externaldimensions:
L:6.05W:2.43H:2.59
Interiordimensions:
L:5.71W:2.35H:2.38
Local transportation
Pick-Up:eks.MitsubishiL200.
Load:0,83 tonn
Interiordimensions:
L: 1,30W: 1,3
Local/Regional
transportation
Load:Variesby size
Interiordimensions:Variesby size
Local transportation
Load:Variesby sizeandbodyweight,
butahuman shouldbeable to liftas
mushas itsownbodyweight.
Production
AssemblyofUnit
Setup refugeecamp
Unit
Longdistance
transportation
Distributionand
retrieval
Settesammenmodulen:
-Byggetmåkunnemonteresmedminimal
kunnskapomkonstruksjonerogbyggeteknikk.
-Børværeenkeltåmontere iden formatverktøynesten
erunødvendig.
-Konstruksjonenmåbeholde sinkonstruktive styrke
over tid.
-Konstruksjonenmå fungere i �lereklimasoner.
-Børvære raskå setteoppog raskådemontere.
Anbefaltestørrelser:
-3,5m2 ivarmeklimasonerhvormatlagingkangjøres
utendørs
-4,5–5,5m2 ikaldeklimasonerhvormanharbehov for
kjøkken innendørs
-Avstandmellomboliger skalvære tometer
Byggematerialer:
FraNorge sendeset skjelett,gulv, søyler, festeanordninger for
ulikeveggelementerog tak.
Lokaltmaterialekanbrukes tilå fylle innvegger.
Eksempler:
-Gress, siv, stråbladerets.
-Bambusellerannet trevirke
-Stampejord, leire, tegl, tørrmurav steinets
-Bygningsmaterialeetterødelagtebygg,korrigerte
stålplater,plankets.
-Stoffer
Hevedekke frabakken:
-Tørt romuavhengigavværforhold
-Beskytte/hindreminimereproblemermeddyrog
skadedyr
-Hindre smitte fradårlige sanitærforholdog liknende
-Matoppbevares tryggere
-Ved �lomminskes skadeomfang
-Giren større følelseav luksus/verdighet
-Mer �leksibeltved tankepåunderlagogklimatiske forhold
Fundamentering:
-Senario:
-Sand -Fjell
- Jord -Ustabilemasser
-Områdermed sesong �lom
-Varierende typologi
-Egenskaper:
-Retteoppbygget
-Unngå synkingog forskyvning iustabilemasser
-Festemot �jell
-Stabilitetover tid
-Tålevann
-Løftedekketopp frabakken
Saltak:
-Enkeltkonstruktivt
-Enkeltå få tett
-Mindrematerialbruk
-Vedhybridenvalgt tilmodulenenkeloppsamlingavvann,
holdermeden takrenne
-Enkeltåmontere luker/vinduer for lufting/utsyn
Modulens innholdog funksjoner:
-Oppbevaring:
1.
Matforråd,hylleløsning tørt/beskyttet,plass foren
ukerasjonmedmat.
2.
Tryggoppbevaring forde fåeiendelenemanharklartå
fåmed segellerhar skaffet.Det lillemaneier,
betyr såmyemer.
-Kokemuligheter:
Sted forå lagemat,brannsikkert/røykavsug, skaldettegjøres
innendørs?
-Sove:
Kan ikke forutsetteat �lyktningenharmed segnoeå sovepå,
muliggjøreatnoenkan sovemensandreervåkne.Sove i
høyden frigjørgulvplass,kangien følelseavoversikt, trygghet
og lunhet,upraktisk for sykemennesker.
-Sosialisere:
Skape romdermankanvære sosialemedandrebådeuteog
inne.
-Trygghet:
Gibrukerenneen følelseav trygghet/sikkerhetmotutvendige
farerbåde fysiskogpsykisk.
-Beskyttelse:
Hindre farer,kvinners trygghetomnatten,WCproblematikk.
-Tilhørlighet:
Implementere lokalbyggeskikk, trygghet,åpenhet, sosial
omgang,nabolag.
-Kvalitet:
Konstruksjonmed takogdekker skal tåleenhel syklus i
�lyktningleir,gienhvis følelseav luksusverdsatthet, tålenye
katastrofer,bærekraftigover tid,gjenbrukbar.
-Fleksibilitet:
Enhetenemåenkeltkunne settes sammen til størreenheter, i
detteprosjektetkanenhetenekobles sammen sideom side,
menogså settes sammenav serierav sammenkobledeenheter
mothverandre.Enkelmontering/demontering,utenverktøy,
deler somenkelt lar seg løfteaveneller �lerepersoner, trans-
porteffektive størrelser, fordelommodulen lar seg �lytte som
enheltelementetteratdenermontert,enkel sammenføyning
mellom �lereenheter.
-Miljø:
Fåmaterialer, fåenheter/likedeler,enkel resirkuleringuansett
sted,nedbrytbart inaturen, ingengiftstoffer, ikkeavhengigav
stortuttakav lokale råvarer slikatman forstyrrerdet lokale
økosystemet, �leksibleovenfor tomt slikatmankan setteopp
modulenepådet somvanligvisbetegnes som ikkeområder.
-Terrasse:
Halvprivatiserenoeavdetoffentlige rom,kan skapeet trygt
skillemellomdetoffentligeogprivate/enovergang.
-Urbanitet:
Stokkebygg imindreklynger somnabolag,knytteoppmot
skoler, leger, idrett, lek, latriner,marked, sosiale tjenester,
stammerådosv,øker trygghetgjennom samhold,
allebeskytteralle.
Krisesituasjoner
.
H11AS11 - Production drawings for small experimental housing
Eivind Danielsen
Temporary settlements.
In2012 therearemore than43millionuprootedpeopleworldwide.
Refugees fleeing fromnaturaldisasters,political instability,conflicts,massacreand/orgenocide to find
asafeplace to live. Inorganizedcamps,humanitarianaidagencieswillprovide for thebasicneedsof the
refugees.Tents, food,cleandrinkingwaterandhealthcare.Thestay in thecampsoftenextendsmuch long-
er than thecampsaremade to lastbecause theconditionsathomehasn’t improved.Life incampscanoften
be likea limbo forrefugees thatcantberesettled inothercountriesdue torestrictasylumpolicies. Inmany
occasions thismeans thatpeoplearewarehousedoverperiodsofyears.3millionPalestinianshavebeen in
camps forover50yearsandover1millionAfghanishavebeen inPakistan for26years.
Theaveragedurationofmajorrefugeesituationshas increased fromnineyears in1993 toseventeenyears
in2003.Theshelters thatUNHCRprovideareusually tents thathave tobechangedevery3yearsdue to
wearand tear.
Ifone is tostay inarefugeecampoveracertainamountof time, tentcanno longerprovide foryourbasic
needs.Theaimof thisproject is toprovideshelters forrefugees insituationswere imminentreturncan’t
bedone.Can themoduleshelpmakedaily life forrefugeesabit lessstressful,make them feelappreciated
and invalue to thesociety.Modular thinkingmayprovideaplace tocallhome forpeople indifficultsitua-
tions.For thisproject tobeefficientenoughwhen itcomes to transportation, themodulesare flatpacked.
Theassembly ismadeeasywithaclicksystemand littleneedsof tools. Itshouldalsobeeasy toassemble
forpeoplewith littleornoknowledgeofconstruction.
Areaof interest
